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发信人: jjk (kernel), 信区: Linux
标 题: [LINUXFOCUS]Short Articles and Tips(转寄)
发信站: 荔园晨风BBS站 (Fri Mar 15 13:22:18 2002), 转信
【 以下文字转载自 jjk 的信箱 】
【 原文由 jjk.bbs@apue.dhs.org 所发表 】
发信人: zeratul (zeratul), 信区: TecMisc
标 题: [LINUXFOCUS]Short Articles and Tips(转寄)
发信站: UNIX编程 (2002年03月14日21:14:36 星期四), 站内信件
http://main.linuxfocus.org/common/sart/
1 Resetting Terminal/Shell 2 Linux Networking Guide 3 Resetting your termin
al/shell window
4 EZ Email Security With Stunnel 5 Mounting ISO images (no CD-R required) 6
klick any key to continue
7 Swapping CTRL key with CAPS_LOCK key (X11 and console mode) 8 Having fun w
ith BIND Version number. 9 Howto log in to your server passwordless via ssh
( rsa version )
10 http://www.portico.org/ 11 Removing ^M from file 12 Hide your Bind versio
n
13 How to delete and recreate /tmp 14 Mojolin, The Linux Job Site, goes inte
rnational 15 Blocking anyone to su to root
16 Disable rreboot,halt ,shutdown for users 17 Create /dev/null 18 How to cr
eate many subdirectories in one time
19 Translating articles from/to English, French, German and Spanish from wit
hin Netscape. 20 How to ispell a german text file? 21 How to easily shutdown
your Linuxbox without beeing root?
22 How to delete all files from /tmp? 23 How to make Linux ignore a ping? 24
Resetting your terminal/shell window
25 Finding out what libraries a program requires 26 Mtools 27 Colors in the
command prompt
28 2 vi tricks 29 Finding Netscape bookmarks
Short articles can now be submitted directly online by everybody. Just click
here and follow the instructions.
1) category: UNIX Basics Language:English, article number: 2002-01-03:3
Resetting Terminal/Shell
by Walt R.
Typing "stty sane "enter key"" into the shell
will normally recover an unreadable terminal.
See man stty, for explanation of what sane does.
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2) category: System Administration Language:English, article number: 20
01-11-20:1
Linux Networking Guide
by Eran Levy , homepage: http://levy.dyn.dhs.org
Looking for a comprehensive Networking guide? Here it is:
http://www15.brinkster.com/liloboot/linux/linetworking.txt
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3) category: UNIX Basics Language:English, article number: 2001-10-17:1
Resetting your terminal/shell window
by Buffer_7
When accidentally doing a :
cat /bin/somefile_binary
you can end up with a "broken terminal". The binary file may possibly contai
n characters that
put a terminal into a mode where the output becomes unreadable. To put the t
erminal back to
normal you can type blindly:
reset
and it's normal.
best regards
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4) category: System Administration Language:English, article number: 20
01-10-11:10
EZ Email Security With Stunnel
by Pat Parsons
This is a little crash course in how to setup email over SSL painlessly usin
g Stunnel. First you need to have installed a mail transfer agent to handle
the SMTP portion of the mail. Then you need to have installed either an IMAP
server or a POP3 server. Many distributions come with Stunnel, if yours doe
s not you can get it from http://www.stunnel.org. Stunnel requires that you
have OpenSSL or SSLeay installed first. This should come with your distribut
ion. Generally if you have SSH installed you also have a SSL library.
Get and install Stunnel. I am not going into detail on that because if you a
re at this point you probably already know how to do so. Make a SSL certific
ate for use with Stunnel. OpenSSL provides a makefile to do just that. In my
distribution it is located in /usr/share/ssl/certs . CD to that directory a
nd type make stunnel.pem to create the certificate that is named stunnel.pem
. Now you need to a few lines to your rc.local file to start Stunnel at boot
up (assuming you ever reboot that is) these lines are:
/usr/sbin/stunnel -d 995 -r 110
/usr/sbin/stunnel -d 465 -r 25
This will start stunnel listening on port 995 for POP3 and 465 for SMTP. Now
all you need to do is edit the options for your mail client and there you g
o. No need to worry about cleartext email passwords. If you are too impatien
t to wait for the next reboot you can type the commands given previously to
start Stunnel right away. There may be some problems with certificate valida
tion for some email clients. Make sure when asked by the makefile you get th
e server name correct. If your email client will not let you add certificate
s you may need to change or obtain a certificate from a certification author
ity. If you cannot get the certificate vaidation worked out there is no way
to ensure that you are connecting to the correct machine. Have a nice day.
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5) category: UNIX Basics Language:English, article number: 2001-07-23:1
Mounting ISO images (no CD-R required)
by Adrian Chung
You've just downloaded a 650MB ISO file, ready for burning to a CD-R. The MD
5 hash checks out, but you're still not sure if the image contains what you
want. If you're too impatient to wait for the CD-R to burn, you can browse t
he actual downloaded file via the loopback device. First create a mount poin
t
bash# mkdir /mnt/iso
Then mount the .iso file:
bash# mount -t iso9660 -o loop Mandrake80-inst.iso /mnt/iso
Now browse the directory tree mounted on /mnt/iso. This is useful as a space
saving measure when you want access to both the directory tree and to the r
aw .iso image on the same machine.
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6) category: UNIX Basics Language:English, article number: 2001-05-25:3
klick any key to continue
by erkan yanar
In shell-programming you often want to continue a programm, when the user cl
icks any button. Normaly "read" is used if you would like to continue with a
ny key then use this:
stty raw; dd if=$(tty) of=/dev/null bs=1 count=1; stty -raw
It just waits for any key
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7) category: UNIX Basics Language:English, article number: 2001-05-13:1
Swapping CTRL key with CAPS_LOCK key (X11 and console mode)
by Igor
X11 environment:
Enter into /etc/X11/XF86Config (REDHAT 6.2) the following line:
Section "Keyboard"
XkbOptions "ctrl:swapcaps"
EndSection
Console
The solution from above does not swap keys in console Here is the solution f
or console: You have to modify the file "us.kmap.gz" (if you use US keyboard
maping)
keycode 58 = Caps_Lock
to
keycode 58 = Control
AND from
keycode 29 = Control
to
keycode 29 = Caps_Lock
And life is nice again :)))
file "us.kmap.gz" is here (REDHAT 6.2) /usr/lib/kbd/keymaps/i386/qwerty
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8) category: System Administration Language:English, article number: 20
01-04-18:1
Having fun with BIND Version number.
by Mario Rafael
Often when you have a large amount of DNS servers you tend to forget wich ve
rsion of BIND you were running in each of them. With this little tips you wi
ll learn how to know wich version of bind you are running and how to change
that version to show up anything you like. Ok.. start nslookup and type: > s
erver target.host > set query=txt > set class=chaos > version.bind Server: l
ocalhost Address: 127.0.0.1 VERSION.BIND text = "8.2.3-REL" Ok this thing ab
ove is nice to show up to your friends to show them "the real BIND mastaH" i
nside you, but for usefullnes use the following script. #!/bin/bash for i in
`cat iplist.txt`;do dig @$i txt chaos version.bind done It is obvious from
the above that there NEEDS to exist a file named iplist in wich you specify
the IP addresses of the name servers you want to check. Now comes the second
part: Changing the BIND version shown by the above script. Fire up you pref
ered editor(vi) and edit /etc/named.conf and in the op options section type
something similar to: version ":******"; Restart your bind and there yoy are
. Mario Rafael.
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9) category: System Administration Language:English, article number: 20
01-03-08:1
Howto log in to your server passwordless via ssh ( rsa version )
by Murat Ilker Balaban , homepage: http://www.enderunix.org/
Create your private and public keys via ssh-keygen program
$ ssh-keygen
Computing keys
Testing the keys..
Key generation complete..
Enter the file in which to save the key (/usr/home/murat/.ssh/identity)
Press enter for the default value...
Your identification has been saved in /usr/home/murat/.ssh/identity
Your public ket is:
blah....blah...blah....
Your public key has been saved in /usr/home/murat/.ssh/identity.pub
Now that we have created our `public` key, take your
public key which is ~/.ssh/identity.pub to your server,
in the ~/.ssh/ directory, create a file named authorized_keys
and append the content of identity.pub file to your authorized_keys file
now, in your machine, type
$ ssh -l username your_remote_machine.domain.com
Boom, no password, no headache, you're in the other side...;)
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10) category: Community Language:English, article number: 2001-03-02:1
http://www.portico.org/
by Guido Socher
There is a Linux site with a lot of tips and tricks: http://www.portico.org/
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11) category: UNIX Basics Language:English, article number: 2001-02-13:
9
Removing ^M from file
by Ismail YENIGUL , homepage: http://www.enderunix.org
if you have transferred a file from MS Windows to UNIX, you might find that
the file looks like this:
bleh bleh ^M
leh leh ^M
tey tey tey^M
This is because Windows uses carridge return and newline to indicate a new l
ine.
Here are a number of ways to get rid of the ^M characters:
1- cat filename1 | tr -d "^V^M" > newfile
2- sed -e "s/^V^M//" filename > outputfilename
where ^V is actually control-V and ^M is actually control-M (you must type t
hese yourself, don't just copy and paste this command from this web page)
3-vi solution : open file with vi
1. hit the ESC key
2. :%s/^V^M//
3 - some distributions contain a command called dos2unix which removes these
carridge return characters
4- use the texteditor vim (www.vim.org) and edit the file. If all the lines
(not only some) contain consistently the carridge return characters then vim
will show [textmode] and when you change the mode with the command
:set notextmode
it will remove them.
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12) category: System Administration Language:English, article number: 2
001-02-13:5
Hide your Bind version
by Ismail YENIGUL , homepage: http://www.enderunix.org
Any user can get your bind version using following command:
$ nslookup -q=txt -class=CHAOS version.bind. remote.dns.server
Server: remote.dns.server
Address: 212.2.2.3
VERSION.BIND text = "8.2.2-P5"
to hide you version add folowing value to named.conf
version "[Secured !!! Please Go away idiot lamer ! ]";
in the options section as follows:
options {
directory "/var/named";
version "[Secured !!! Please Go away idiot lamer ! ]";
};
and restart your named. Finally when anyuser writes
$ nslookup -q=txt -class=CHAOS version.bind. remote.dns.server
Server: remote.dns.server
Address: 212.2.2.3
VERSION.BIND text = "Secured !!! Please Go away idiot lamer"
That's all
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13) category: System Administration Language:English, article number: 2
001-02-08:1
How to delete and recreate /tmp
by Jordan
The directory /tmp is a special one. When you "stat" it, it shows a 1777 mod
ie drwxrwxrwt. Well, it's the same for .X0-lock, .X11-unix and .font-unix.
"t" means that the files in the directory can only be deleted by the owner e
ven though the directory is world writable.
So after a "mv /tmp /no_more_room/tmp or a rm /tmp", just do:
mkdir /tmp
chmod 1777 /tmp
To re-create it with the correct permissions. You have to do that if you wan
t your x font server (xfs) to be working properly.
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14) category: Community Language:English, article number: 2001-01-04:1
Mojolin, The Linux Job Site, goes international
by Dan Barber , homepage: http://mojolin.com
Mojolin (http://www.mojolin.com) has added international support to its full
featured online Job/Resume database. Job listings and resumes can now be en
tered with full location specifics. This new ability is complemented by a fe
ature that allows an individual to search by countries, and by states and pr
ovinces in the United States and Canada. In addition, links have been provid
ed to BabelFish for translation of the site into five different languages: G
erman, French, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese. Other features include a nig
htly email agent which informs job seekers of the latest opportunities, and
the ability for Webmasters to include Mojolin's job listings on their own si
tes.
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15) category: System Administration Language:English, article number: 2
000-11-16:2
Blocking anyone to su to root
by Ismail YENIGUL , homepage: http://apache.cslab.itu.edu.tr
The su (Substitute User) command allows you to become other existing
users on the system. For example you can temporarily
become "root" and execute commands as the super-user "root". If
you don't want anyone to su to root or restrict "su" command to
certain users then add the following two lines to the top of
your "su" configuration file in the "/etc/pam.d/" directory.
1- Edit the su file (vi /etc/pam.d/su) and add the following two
lines to the top of the file:
auth sufficient /lib/security/pam_rootok.so debug
auth required /lib/security/pam_wheel.so group=wheel
After adding the two lines above, the "/etc/pam.d/su" file should
look like this:
#%PAM-1.0
auth sufficient /lib/security/pam_rootok.so debug
auth required /lib/security/pam_wheel.so group=wheel
auth required /lib/security/pam_pwdb.so shadow nullok
account required /lib/security/pam_pwdb.so
password required /lib/security/pam_cracklib.so
password required /lib/security/pam_pwdb.so shadow use_authtok nullok
session required /lib/security/pam_pwdb.so
session optional /lib/security/pam_xauth.so
Which means only those who are a member of the "wheel" group can su to root;
and to add a user to wheel group use:
root# usermod -G10 username
Ok, now everybody can not be root using su. When an user that is not in whee
l group runs su command ,he/she can not be root even if he/she writes correc
t root password.
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16) category: System Administration Language:English, article number: 2
000-11-16:1
Disable rreboot,halt ,shutdown for users
by Ismail YENIGUL , homepage: http://apache.cslab.itu.edu.tr
On Redhat
[root@apache /]# rm -f /etc/security/console.apps/halt
[root@apache /]# rm -f /etc/security/console.apps/poweroff
[root@apache /]# rm -f /etc/security/console.apps/reboot
[root@apache /]# rm -f /etc/security/console.apps/shutdown
[root@apache /]# rm -f /etc/security/console.apps/xserver (if removed, root
will be the only user able to start X).
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17) category: UNIX Basics Language:English, article number: 2000-10-09:
1
Create /dev/null
by Mariusz Zinowicz
I have moved a file to /dev/null and now my system doesn't work
If you move a file with the mv command to "/dev/null" then it will be overwr
itten with an ordinary file.
How to fix it:
Boot your system. If it doesn't boot take a one disk distribution like Toms
rtbt and mount your /dev/hdXX partition.
Now type in a shell "mknod /dev/null c 1 3" to create a nod file. /dev/null
is the path where the nod file will be saved. The c stands for a character d
evice and the two numbers are the major and the minor numbers for the null d
evice.
After that you must change with "chmod 666 /dev/null" the read, write and ex
ecute permissions.
With "ls -alF /dev/" you will see all nod files with it's own three paramete
rs like
"crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 1, 3 Oct 4 11:34 null ".
You will see a "c" in the near of the rwx flags an a " 1, 3" left of the dat
e.
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18) category: UNIX Basics Language:English, article number: 2000-05-19:
1
How to create many subdirectories in one time
by Pascal Mulier
Sometimes, we want to create 2 or 3 (or more) directories at the same time.
For example, you are in "rep1" directory ("rep1" doesn't contain any subdire
ctory) and want to create rep1/rep2/rep3
With "p" option of the mkdir command , it's very easy :
mkdir -p rep1/rep2/rep3
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19) category: Webdesign Language:English, article number: 2000-04-10:1
Translating articles from/to English, French, German and Spanish from within
Netscape.
by Egon Willighagen
Webpages can conveniently be translated from English to French, Italian, Ger
man, Spanich and Portoguese or visa versa by means of Babelfish.
Altavista has a website where you can have a text translated. Alternatively
you can have a website translated.
If you add the link below to your bookmarks (name it "translate"), you can t
ranslate any page by choosing this "translate" bookmark while visiting a web
site:
Example english to french:
javascript:location.href=
'http://babel.altavista.com/tr?lin=en&lout=fr&translate_me=yes
&urltext='+escape(window.location);
The above should be written as one line. I just split it into a couple of li
nes for easy reading.
Translations are not very good, but it will give a very good clue about the
content of the page.
An other interesting site for online translation is www.freetranslation.com.
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20) category: Applications Language:English, article number: 2000-03-24
:2
How to ispell a german text file?
by Dino Korn
Solution:
ispell -T latin1 -d deutsch textfile.txt
The -T latin1 causes ispell to handle Umlaute correctly.
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21) category: UNIX Basics Language:English, article number: 2000-03-24:
1
How to easily shutdown your Linuxbox without beeing root?
by Bernd Muller
People who do not boot to run-level 5 (grapical login) but use normal startx
to start the window system I have the following trick:
Edit /etc/inittab and search for ctrlaltdel
ca::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -r now
Replace the -r by -h:
ca::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -h now
After that reboot once. Now you can shutdown and halt your computer by typin
g CTRL-ALT-DELETE. And this can be done by anybody without root rights.
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22) category: UNIX Basics Language:English, article number: 2000-03-01:
2
How to delete all files from /tmp?
by Katja Socher
Simple question? Well, how do you delete files in directories that start wit
h a dot in the name?
Rm -r /tmp/.* WILL DELETE THE WHOLE DISK as it selects also the file /tmp/..
Therefore never try this. The solution is to add two question marks before
the '*'-wildcard:
rm -rf /tmp/.??* /tmp/*
You can put this into /etc/rc.d/init.d/syslog into the "stop)" section. This
will clean up /tmp at every shutdown and keep your disk tidy.
Do not run the above command while running X11 or before you run startx. X11
needs the /tmp/.font-unix which is created by xfont server and X11 it self
creates the directory /tmp/.X11-unix which is needed to talk to the X11 wind
ows.
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23) category: Kernel Corner Language:English, article number: 2000-03-0
1:1
How to make Linux ignore a ping?
by Antonio Schifano
Sometimes it can be useful to hide a Linux machine a bit. Here is how you ca
n make Linux ignore a ping:
Simple, to turn answers to icmp_echo off type:
echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/icmp_echo_ignore_all
to turn it on again use:
echo 0 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/icmp_echo_ignore_all
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24) category: UNIX Basics Language:English, article number: 2000-02-15:
3
Resetting your terminal/shell window
by Guido Socher , homepage: http://www.oche.de/~bearix/g
When accidentally doing a :
cat /bin/somefile_binary
you can end up with a "broken terminal". The binary file may possibly contai
n characters that put a terminal into a mode where the output becomes unread
able. To put the terminal back to normal you can type
/bin/echo -ne "\017"
To make it easier you can put this into a small shell script and call it ksc
reen. When your terminal is again in this funny mode you just type blindly k
screen and it is back to normal.
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25) category: UNIX Basics Language:English, article number: 2000-02-15:
2
Finding out what libraries a program requires
by Guido Socher
First find out where the program is located:
In bash use: type yourprogram
In tcsh use: which yourprogram
To find out which shared libraries a program requires, type:
ldd /the/path/to/yourprogram
Example:
> which gnome-terminal
/usr/bin/gnome-terminal
> ldd /usr/bin/gnome-terminal
libart_lgpl.so.2 => /usr/lib/libart_lgpl.so.2 (0x400e1000)
libgdk_imlib.so.1 => /usr/lib/libgdk_imlib.so.1 (0x400ef000)
libgtk-1.2.so.0 => /usr/lib/libgtk-1.2.so.0 (0x40131000)
libgdk-1.2.so.0 => /usr/lib/libgdk-1.2.so.0 (0x40251000)
libgmodule-1.2.so.0 => /usr/lib/libgmodule-1.2.so.0 (0x40283000)
libXext.so.6 => /usr/X11R6/lib/libXext.so.6 (0x40286000)
libX11.so.6 => /usr/X11R6/lib/libX11.so.6 (0x40292000)
libgnome.so.32 => /usr/lib/libgnome.so.32 (0x4032f000)
libgnomesupport.so.0 => /usr/lib/libgnomesupport.so.0 (0x40345000)
libaudiofile.so.0 => /usr/lib/libaudiofile.so.0 (0x40350000)
....
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26) category: UNIX Basics Language:English, article number: 2000-02-15:
1
Mtools
by Guido Socher , homepage: http://www.oche.de/~bearix/g
mtools is a collection of programs to access ms-dos files on floppy disks wi
thout mounting them. You can read dos floppy disks in Linux by mounting them
somewhere but mtools are usually easier and faster to use. An advantage is
also that the floppy does not need to be mounted because accidentally ejecti
ng a mounted floppy under Linux can be quite fatal.
Using mtools
mtools work basically like msdos commands. The command names are identical w
ith the corresponding msdos command except that a "m" is prepended. Mtools u
nderstand also long file names. The most important commands are:
mcopy
mdel
mdir
mformat
Make sure that the device /dev/fd0 is writable for you before you use them.
You many make the /dev/fd0 device writable for everybody. To do that log in
as root and type "chmod 666 /dev/fd0".
To get a directory listing of the floppy in /dev/fd0 (drive a:) you type:
mdir a:
Note the device specifier. It is "a:" and not the normal Linux name /dev/fd0
.
To copy the files a.txt and b.txt to the floppy you use:
mcopy a.txt b.txt a:
To copy all files (not directories) from the floppy to your current director
y you use:
mcopy "a:*" .
Note the quotes. They are important because you want the star to go to the m
copy command and avoid that it gets expanded by the shell.
To delete all files that have a filename which starts with a "x" you type:
mdel "a:x*"
Again remember to put quotes.
To remove all files from the floppy you can use mformat
mformat a:
The mtools are included in almost every distribution. If they are not yet in
stalled then install them from cdrom. Otherwise mtools are available from
http://www.tux.org/pub/tux/knaff/mtools/index.html
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27) category: UNIX Basics Language:English, article number: 2000-02-14:
5
Colors in the command prompt
by Guido Socher
All terminal windows for Linux understand Ansi color codes and with these co
des it is possible to have colors in the shell prompt.
The color codes are:
Foreground colors: 30=black, 31=red, 32=green, 33=yellow, 34=blue 35=purple,
36=turquoise, 37=white
Background colors: 0=transparent, 40=back, 41=red, 42=green, 43=yellow, 44=b
lue 45=purple, 46=turquoise, 47=white
The syntax to print the codes is "Esc[background;foreground;1m" for bold pri
nt and "Esc[background;foreground m" for normal print. The Esc is a literal
Esc character (octal 33). The coloring is switched off with "Esc[m"
This command prints e.g Linux in yellow on a red background:
/bin/echo '\033[41;33;1m Linux \033[m'
Just try it out copying the command into the next shell.
To insert special characters such as (a literal Esc) into the shell prompt y
ou must include them in %{ %} for tcsh and \[ \] for bash
This gives e.g the tcsh prompt that you can see in the picture above:
set prompt='%{^[[44;33;1m%}%!\-%n@%m%{^[[m%} \n%{^[[44;37;1m%}(%~)%#%{^[[m%}
'
A yellow prompt for bash is e.g:
PS1='\[^[[40;33;1m\]\u@\h:\w\$\[^[[m\] '
In both cases the literal Esc character is shown as ^[. Note: You can not co
py and paste these lines from the web browser to the shell. To get a literal
Esc in Vi you type crtl-v Esc and in Emacs this is crtl-q Esc.
Happy color command prompts!
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28) category: UNIX Basics Language:English, article number: 2000-02-14:
1
2 vi tricks
by Guido Socher , homepage: http://www.oche.de/~bearix/g
Here are 2 interesting tricks for the VI editor.
While editing something in VI you suddenly get a phone call. You need to go
to the shell type a few commands and then go back to VI and continue working
. What do you do? It's easy with VI. Hit Crtl-z to suspend VI then type the
commands and afterwards type fg to continue the suspended VI process in fore
ground.
The commands in makefiles must be preceded by a tab-character. Unfortunately
it is not easy to distinguish tabs from spaces but a makefile with spaces j
ust wont work. In VI you just type:
:set list
to see the tab characters as ^I. This way you can see all tabs at once and v
erify that the makefile is correct. When done you type:
:set nolist
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29) category: Webdesign Language:English, article number: 2000-02-13:1
Finding Netscape bookmarks
by Guido Socher , homepage: http://www.oche.de/~bearix/g
Searching through bookmarks
Sometimes you are looking for a bookmark in netscape and you can only rememb
er that the URL or title did contain some key word. A little perl script, I
called it showbook, can help in that case.
showbook linux
does e.g list all your bookmarks that contain the string Linux somewhere.
Click here to download the script.
(Note: If you download the script under windows then you must convert the do
s textfile first to a unix textfile before it will run under Linux.)
Copy paste a url while not online
Somehow it is not possible to copy/paste a URL from your bookmark list into
an other program. You can click on the bookmark go to the page and then copy
the URL from the location entry at the top of the window in netscape. The p
roblem is that you need to be online to do that. Again the above showbook pr
ogram helps. It just lists the URL in the terminal window and you can easily
copy/paste from there.
--
洗一个澡，看一朵花，吃一顿饭，假使你觉得快活，并非因为澡洗得
干净，花开得好，或者菜合你的口味，主要是因为你心上没有挂碍，轻松
的灵魂可以专注肉体的感觉，来欣赏，来审定。
※ 来源:·UNIX编程 apue.dhs.org·[FROM: 166.111.168.8] --
※ 转寄:·UNIX编程 apue.dhs.org·[FROM: 202.119.32.102]
--
※ 转载:·荔园晨风BBS站 bbs.szu.edu.cn·[FROM: 192.168.0.146]
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