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发信人: cycker (重新开始), 信区: Linux
标题: Debian cd FAQ
发信站: 荔园晨风BBS站 (Thu Dec 12 18:48:22 2002), 转信

网址：http://www.debian.org/CD/faq/

What is a "CD image" anyway?

A CD image is the exact representation of the data on a CD in a normal
computer file, that can e.g. be transmitted over the Internet. CD
burning programs can use the image files to make real CDs.

My question is not answered by this FAQ - how can I send mail to the
mailing lists related to Debian CDs?

There are several mailing lists that could be relevant to you. In all
cases, you should search the mailing list archives before sending mail
to the lists. You can subscribe to and unsubscribe from the lists.
However, you do not need to be subscribed in order to send mail to the
lists - if you are not subscribed, ask for replies to be CC'd to you.

Mailing lists relevant to problems with CD installation:

debian-cd: Discussion about the CD image creation process, available
CD mirrors, problems when booting from CD, announcements of new official
images.
debian-boot: A bit of a misnomer, this list actually covers the
installation process; any problems encountered after successfully
booting from CD may be more appropriate here than in debian-cd.
debian-user: General support list for users of Debian GNU/Linux. Focus
is more on problems encountered after a successful installation, when
using the system. There are also several lists for non-English speakers,
in Català, Deutsch, Fran?ais, Polski, Português, Espa?ol, Svenska and
Italiano.

Why do you encourage people not to download CD images via HTTP/FTP,
but instead with this "jigdo" program or the "pseudo image kit"?

Today, there are nearly 300 Debian mirrors (which contain the complete
Debian distribution as .deb files), but far fewer machines serving
Debian CD images. As a result, the CD image servers are constantly
overloaded.

Additionally, nobody is very enthusiastic about setting up more CD
servers because of the tremendous amounts of wasted bandwidth (some
people keep restarting failed downloads instead of resuming from the
point where the connection was closed) and because a regular mirror is
more attractive (it allows continuous upgrades of Debian, or using the
"testing"/"unstable" distribution instead of the "stable" one).

jigdo (and its predecessor, the pseudo image kit) tries to make the most
out of this situation, by downloading the data for the CD images from
one of the 300 mirrors. However, these mirrors only hold individual .deb
files, not the CD image, so some additional manipulation of the data is
necessary to produce one big CD image file from the many small .deb
files.

Do not be afraid to try out jigdo! The complex process of generating the
CD image is completely hidden from you - instead, you benefit from
the fact that one of the 300 Debian mirrors is bound to be nearer and
faster than any of the CD servers.

Which of the numerous CD images should I download? Do I need all of
them?

No, you only need the CD images for your computer's architecture. The
architecture is the type of hardware your computer uses. By far the most
popular one is the Intel architecture, so most people will only want to
get the images for "i386".

Furthermore, in most cases it is not necessary to download all of the
images for your architecture. The packages on the CDs are sorted by
popularity: CD 1 contains the installation system and the most popular
packages. CD 2 contains slightly less popular ones, CD 3 even less
popular ones, etc. You will probably not need CD 3 and higher unless you
have very special requirements. (And in case you happen to need a
package later on which is not on one of the CDs you downloaded, you
can always install that package directly from the Internet.)

Finally, for each architecture there are two versions of the first CD,
the normal and the non-US version. You only need one of these! See below
for details.

What are the "source" CDs? Do I need them?

There are two types of images, the "binary" CDs that contain
precompiled, ready-to-run programs, and the "source" CDs that contain
the source code for the programs. The vast majority of people do not
need the source CDs; you should not download them unless you really have
a good reason for it.

What is the difference between the normal binary-1 and the
binary-1_NONUS CD?

There are two variants of the binary-1 CD, one with and one without
software of the "non-US" category. The non-US software cannot be legally
stored on servers that are located in the USA - formerly, the reason
for this used to be that it contained strong cryptographic code, today
it is that the programs use algorithms covered by US patents.

Everyone should fetch the non-US variant for private use; the
"non-non-US" variant is useful only for US-based mirrors and vendors.
The other binary CDs do not contain any "US-sensitive" software; they
work perfectly well with either variant of the binary-1 CD.

A similar story holds for the source-1 and source-1_NONUS variants.

Where is the CD image with non-free?

Debian has a quite strict view with regard to the licenses of software:
Only software that is Free in the sense of the Debian Free Software
Guidelines is allowed into the actual distribution. All the other,
"non-free" software (for example, software for which source code is
not available) is not supported officially.

The official CDs may freely be used, copied and sold by anyone
anywhere in the world (US residents please observe the restricted status
of non-US). Packages of the "non-free" (and "non-US/non-free") category
have restrictions that conflict with this, so these packages are not
placed on the official CDs.

Often, someone is kind enough to create unofficial non-free CDs. If
you cannot find any links on this website, you can try asking on the
debian-cd mailing list.

Are any DVD images of the Debian distribution available for download?

Yes - as far as we know, Debian is the only Linux distribution to
offer full-size DVD images for download! Because of their size, these
images are distributed exclusively with jigdo.

At the moment, only unofficial DVD images for the "unstable" and
"testing" releases can be downloaded - within the next months, we also
plan to produce DVD images for "stable".

Is a Debian "live CD" available?

A so-called "live CD" is a CD which contains a complete system
pre-installed on the CD. You do not need to install anything on the
harddisc, instead you boot from CD and are able to start working on
the machine right away. All programs run directly from CD.

There are no official Debian live CDs available. However, we would
like to recommend Knoppix, which is based on Debian - a very useful,
full-featured live CD!

I notice all the CDs are bootable. Is there any difference between the
bootable parts of the individual CDs?

Yes, although this is only the case for the i386 architecture. For other
architectures, only the first CD is bootable (except for arm, where
none is).

Some hardware configurations of IBM compatible PCs require Linux kernels
with special options enabled or patches applied. For this reason, the
CDs contain several different kernels:

binary-1: multiboot. This CD offers you a choice between all available
kernels, so unless you happen to have one of the very few machines on
which the multiboot feature does not work, you should boot from this CD.

binary-2: vanilla. A 2.2 kernel with many drivers for older hardware
(such as ISA-based systems) and USB support.
binary-3: compact. A 2.2 kernel with PCI SCSI and IDE drivers.
binary-4: idepci. A one-size-fits-all 2.2 kernel which should work on
most machines. This is also booted by default if you just press Return
at the prompt of the multiboot (binary-1) CD.
binary-5: bf2.4. A 2.4 kernel with ext3 and ReiserFS support. You should
choose this kernel if your hardware is recent, e.g. you are using a USB
keyboard.
The kernels correspond to the different disk images on the FTP server
for stable and testing. In case your system cannot boot from CD at all,
it is also possible to write the kernel to floppy disc and boot from
there.

Where are the CDs for architecture X?

Depending on the state of support for a certain architecture, CD
images are available from different places:

If the architecture you are looking for is officially supported by the
current stable release, see the "Debian on CD" page for the available
download options.
If a Debian port to a new architecture exists, but has not yet been
released officially, CD images may or may not be available. See the
cdimage-unofficial site for unofficial images of some of these
architectures.
For the Debian port to the GNU/Hurd, see the page about unofficial
Hurd CDs.
Otherwise, check the Debian port pages for the architecture you are
interested in.

The software on the official CDs is outdated - why don't you release a
new version?

We only make official releases of the "stable" distribution when we
think they truly deserve that name. Unfortunately, this means that
stable releases only happen about every 1.5 years...

If you require more recent versions of some of the software in Debian,
you can install "stable" and then upgrade (via the net) those parts
you want to the versions from "testing" - it is possible to mix software
from the different releases.

Alternatively, try out the unofficial CD images of "testing" that are
generated automatically every day. However, note that there is no
support for security problems for "testing" - in extreme cases,
several weeks can go by before security holes are fixed. Do not use
"testing" for servers!

How do I know if I am downloading the newest CD images?

The note at the bottom of the cdimage homepage always shows the
version number of the latest release.

As for mirror sites that offer direct HTTP/FTP downloads, most use the
"standard" scheme /<version>/<architecture>/<imagename>.iso, for example
/2.2_rev4/i386/binary-i386-1.iso or /2.2_rev4/source/source-1.iso.

How can I verify that the downloaded CD images are correct?

If you use jigdo, the image checksum is automatically verified after the
image has been generated. For HTTP or FTP downloads, use the md5sum
utility to calculate the checksums of the files you downloaded, then
compare them to the checksums in the MD5SUMS files which are distributed
alongside the jigdo files of official releases. An md5sum program for
Windows systems can be downloaded from our ftp server; the source code
is also available.

To ensure that the images were not only downloaded correctly, but are
indeed official images, you also have to verify the GnuPG signature on
the MD5SUMS files using the Debian GPG keyring. CD vendors are
encouraged to do this.

If you want to check many CD image files or burned CDs easily on
Unix/Linux systems, the checkiso script can be a great help.

How do I record a CD-R under Linux/Unix?

Use the cdrecord program, with a command line like this (as root):
nice --18 cdrecord -eject -v speed=2 dev=0,6,0 -data -pad
binary-i386-1.iso

For Linux, there are also the X programs X-CD-Roast, gcombust, Gnome
Toaster and KreateCD, to name a few. Note that they're all frontends
to cdrecord.

After X-CD-Roast has started, click on Setup and choose the HD
settings tab. Copy the Debian CD image to one of the directories that
are displayed in the table. (If the table is empty, enter the path of
a directory you want to use for temporary storage, and click on Add.)
Click on OK to exit the setup. Next, select Create CD and then Write
Tracks. Choose the Layout tracks tab, select the line displaying the
image filename and click on Add, then click on Accept track layout.
Finally, click on Write tracks.

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