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发信人: jupiter (流浪的星), 信区: Art
标  题: 塞尚（Paul Cezanne)
发信站: BBS 荔园晨风站 (Fri Jul 21 21:44:55 2000), 转信

塞尚（Paul Cezanne)

Cezanne, Paul (1839-1906), French painter, often called the father of
modern art. Cezanne had a profound effect on 20th-century art. He
greatly influenced both French artist Henri Matisse and Spanish artist
Pablo Picasso. However, Cezanne was largely ignored during most of his
life, and he worked in isolation. He was alienated from his family,
had few friends, and rarely exhibited his work.
Cezanne was born in Aix-en-Provence and studied in Paris. Many of his
early works were painted in dark tones applied with heavy, fluid
pigment, suggesting a moody, romantic expressionism. He gradually became
committed to painting the world he observed without concern for
themes or styles. He was greatly influenced by French painter Camille
Pissarro, an older, unrecognized artist who encouraged Cezanne and
introduced him to a new impressionist technique for rendering outdoor
light. Under Pissarro's guidance Cezanne shifted from dark tones to
bright hues and concentrated on farmland and village scenes.

Cezanne exhibited with other impressionists in Paris, but his works
received harsh critical commentary. He drifted away from his Parisian
contacts and became quite isolated. During the 1880s and 1890s he
gradually simplified his paint application and defined volumetric
forms with juxtaposed strokes of pure color. Critics eventually argued
that Cezanne had discovered a means of rendering both nature's light and
form with a single application of color. He seemed to reintroduce a
formal structure that the impressionists had abandoned, without
sacrificing brilliant illumination.
Cezanne left most of his works unfinished and destroyed many others. For
many years he was known only to his old impressionist colleagues and to
a few younger postimpressionist artists, including Dutch painter
Vincent van Gogh and French painter Paul Gauguin. By 1904, however,
Cezanne was featured in a major exhibition, and he attained the status
of a legendary figure. During his last years many younger artists
traveled to Aix to observe him at work. Both his style and theory
remained mysterious and cryptic, but his color intensity and
compositional organization revealed that he had synthesized the basic
expressive and representational elements of painting in a highly
original manner.

  塞尚是后期印象派的主将，从19世纪末便被推崇为“新艺术之父”，作为现代艺
术的先驱，西方现代画家称他为“现代艺术之父”或“现代绘画之父”，可见塞尚
对艺术革新所起的作用。
  塞尚于1839年1月19日诞生于法国南部的埃克斯一个富商和银行家家庭。父亲要
他学法律，他却坚持学绘画，考巴黎美术学校未被录取，走的是一条自学成材之路
。开始与一些印象派画家交往，并参加印象派画展，但由于个人粗放的用笔和结实
的立体造形，使他很快与其他印象派分道扬镳。1876年父亲去世，他得到一大笔遗
产，使他能回法国南部故乡过起长期隐居生活，勤奋刻苦地摸索出一条与印象派迥
然不同的艺术道路。
  塞尚的艺术与印象派的不同之处在于“马奈追求的是真实的效果，成为光的‘奴
隶’。塞尚在光之外，更侧重面和物的实际形状。莫奈追求的是瞬间印象和暂时视
觉，塞尚追求的是实在的形体和永恒的视觉。”所以他不大注意光的表现，认为“
光线对绘画来说在本质上是不存在的。”
  塞尚一般都在阴天或多云天气外出画风景写生，更多的时间在家里画静物。他对
物体体积感的追求和表现，为“立体派”开启了不少思路，他独特的主观色彩大大
区别于强调客观色彩感觉的大部分画家。
  塞尚一生的大半时间，画作是被人贬斥和不承认的，但这并没有动摇他对艺术风
格的执着追求，他的静物、肖像、风景的浓厚结构吸引了年轻一代。1895年画商沃
拉为他举办大型展览会，画展受到普遍欢迎。1904年在秋季沙龙中取得了决定性的胜利，他
的“现代艺术之父”的名望已初
步确立。但两年后，他不幸离开人世。

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